Engineering & Infrastructure
Surveying the Panama Canal, Part 3: Measuring a Living Canal
How hydrography, deformation monitoring, as-builts, and modern geospatial control support an operating and expanding canal.
From the Index
Tag: Hydrography
Surveying and charting water depths, shorelines, and features important to navigation and marine work.
Engineering & Infrastructure
Surveying the Panama Canal, Part 1: Finding a Route Between Two Oceans
How reconnaissance, maps, levels, rivers, and competing canal concepts shaped the choice of a route across Panama.
Exploration & Places
Surveying Across the Seas, Part 3: Sextants, Almanacs, and the Surveyed Ocean
How sextants, chronometers, astronomical tables, and hydrographic surveys made ocean navigation repeatable.
Exploration & Places
Surveying Across the Seas, Part 1: Before Longitude
How latitude, dead reckoning, soundings, and disciplined observation guided sailors before dependable longitude.